P 773 - Full self-pierce rivet bonding of steel materials with tensile strengths from 800 MPa to 1600 MPa

P 772 - Investigation and extension of existing approaches for the improved description of friction and heat transfer in the FEM simulation of hot massive forming processes The finite element method (FEM) is a powerful tool for the design and optimisation of hot forging processes. Precise knowledge of the process boundary conditions is a prerequisite for high accuracy of the simulation results. As the friction in the contact surface and the heat transfer from the workpiece to the tool have a significant influence on the entire forming process, the description of these two boundary conditions in the FE simulation is crucial for the usability of the simulation results in practice. Among other things, the contact pressure, the temperature at the surface layer, the roughness of the contact surfaces, the sliding speed and the flow behaviour of the material are the main influencing variables. In most of the available FE programmes, the mapping of the friction and heat transfer phenomena is based on the assumption of constant coefficients for the model equations. As a result, local influencing variables are not captured with the required accuracy and taken into account in the FE simulation. An improvement in simulation accuracy is of fundamental importance for the forming industry, whereby the rigid modelling of tools, which is considered the industry standard, should not be disregarded. The research objective of the project was to develop a law for the numerical modelling of friction and heat transfer for forging-like conditions in order to increase the accuracy of the process simulation of hot forging processes using commercial FE programs. The influences of different process conditions on friction were initially investigated in a further developed pipe cone upsetting test as a basic test in which relative displacement, relative speed, temperature, lubricants and roughness can be varied in a targeted manner. The friction model must take these influences into account to improve the description. The influences of lubrication, workpiece and tool material, temperature and forming speed were analysed using an effect analysis. The greatest influencing factors on friction were found to be the forming speed and lubrication. When developing the friction model, these influences of the friction condition in the effective joint between tool and workpiece are taken into account. In addition, existing multi-stage hot forming processes were used in the research project. The processes were recorded using a thermographic camera, the components were optically measured and in some cases the forming forces were measured. Extensive numerical calculations of the processes were carried out with the commercial FE programmes Forge (Transvalor S.A.) and simufact.forming (Simufact Engineering GmbH) using different friction models. A newly developed friction model presented here is able to take into account the friction under different conditions during the forming process. In addition, the true contact area according to Neumaier is taken into account during forging. In addition, a suitable function was used to realistically take into account adhesion and sliding via the influence of the sliding speed. This means that the main influencing variables, as determined in the basic test, are taken into account in the formulation. The validation was carried out on model processes. FE calculations were carried out on the industrial processes using various friction models. The process simulation, based on the newly developed friction model, delivers better results. By using the improved models for friction and heat transfer, forging processes can be modelled and designed more accurately. The resulting improved material flow description during forming enables a more precise calculation of the component geometry. In addition, a more precise prediction of the required forming force and the thermal shrinkage of the component after forming is possible. The precise description of friction and heat transfer also enables improved prediction of the mechanical and thermal stress on the forging dies. The improvement of the FE systems by implementing the newly developed friction model of this project is of particular benefit to small companies in the forging industry and thus ensures the extended use of these established tools in process simulation. Authors: B. A. Behrens, A. Bouguecha, J. Mielke, G. Hirt, M. Bambach, A. Demant Publication: 2010

P 774 -Determination of the application potential and limits of adiabatic cutting for cutting and piercing operations High-speed shearing (HGSS), the industrial application spectrum of which is currently mainly limited to the cutting of bar material, is to be utilised for sheet metal processing in the future. The starting point for the research project was the known advantages of HGSS compared to conventional cutting processes. The use of high cutting speeds enables a significant improvement in the cutting result: - high dimensional accuracy and low component deformation, - low-burr, flat cutting surface with a predominantly (with a particularly fine-grained surface) surface), - reduction of the deformation zone, more even hardness distribution hardness distribution, - material savings due to small web widths, - lubricant-free cutting process and - Savings in reworking steps. Based on a scientific analysis of the process, the aim of the research project was to extend the fields of application of the HGSS to the cutting and punching of tubes and flat components of different strengths and sheet thicknesses. Following the design, construction, manufacture, testing and optimisation of suitable test equipment, extensive experimental investigations were carried out in which the workpiece material, the sheet thickness, the cutting gap, the cutting speed and the punch contour were varied. The cutting results achieved were then analysed as a function of the cutting parameters influencing them, i.e. the quality of the cut surface on the cut parts produced was examined. The main results are summarised below. As with NGSS, the tool design (cutting gap and cutting edge geometry) is also decisive for the cutting result with HGSS. For a high cutting surface quality, small related cutting gaps up to u/s = 2...3 % and a full-edged cut have proven to be optimal. With the bevelled and hollow ground punch designs, both deformations on the cut parts and significant deviations from perpendicularity occurred. While the NGSS usually aims for a high proportion of smooth cuts, the opposite is the case with the HGSS. The HGSS cutting surfaces consist mainly of fracture surfaces, which have a much finer-grained surface than conventionally produced fracture surfaces. The stainless steel X5CrNi18-10, for example, showed a particularly fine-grained fracture surface, which resulted in a predominantly lower roughness of the fracture surface compared to the smooth cut surface. The edge indentation heights clearly showed the influence of the workpiece material and the related cutting gap; within the respective sheet material variant, this parting surface proportion was almost constant overall with the same cutting gap. The parting surfaces produced using HGSS exhibited little or no burr. In some cases, a tendency towards a reduction in the cutting burr with a reduction in the related cutting gap was observed. The steel grade X5CrNi18-10 was also characterised by almost right-angled cut surfaces that deviated from the ideal contour by a maximum of one degree. The type and extent of the cutting process-related hardening of the edge area close to the cut, in particular the width of this affected edge zone, can be determined with greater accuracy using microhardness mapping than using micrographs. Depending on the test material, comparable edge hardening depths were determined on the flat samples and on the pipe sections. In the tests on the HGSS of pipes with internal mandrel, the maximum form and position deviations occurred in the cutting direction. Finally, a qualitative comparison of the NGSS and HGSS was made with regard to the achievable cutting quality. The IGF project 15319 BG of the Forschungsvereinigung Stahlanwendung e.V. was carried out at the Fraunhofer Institutes for Machine Tools and Forming Technology (IWU) in Chemnitz and for Production Engineering and Automation (IPA) in Stuttgart and funded via the AiF as part of the programme for the promotion of joint industrial research and development (IGF) by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology on the basis of a resolution of the German Bundestag. Authors: R. Neugebauer, P. Weigel, E. Westkämper, A. Verl, F. Eicher, R. Salomon Publication: 2010

P 771 - Efficient slim-floor deck solutions for building construction - Holistic optimisation for the erection and use Until now, composite beams have mainly been treated as isolated construction elements. It was left to practice to decide how they should be integrated into the overall construction. This includes in particular the design of the composite nodes and the connections of the composite beams to other structural elements such as columns. The aim of this project was the integrated consideration of the economic design of the composite beams on the one hand and suitable node design on the other. The investigations carried out focussed on questions of serviceability, in particular the necessary fulfilment of deformation criteria and questions relating to the design of the composite nodes for installation. Fire protection also plays a decisive role in composite construction solutions. In this context, solutions were developed for the fire protection design of the beams as well as for the connecting structures. A non-linear calculation approach was derived for the deformation behaviour of composite flat slab girder systems on the basis of an extensive analytical investigation and the so-called deformation-related co-supporting width was introduced. In a second step, this calculation approach was further developed into a linear approach, which now allows the non-linear load-bearing behaviour of slim floor beams to be calculated very easily using linear deformation approaches. In contrast to the existing standards, which greatly overestimate the deflection due to conservative approaches, the cross-sections can now be dimensioned more economically based on realistic deformations. For the connections and the design of the nodes, design solutions were shown for typical cross-sections that allow these structural steel connections to be used very economically. In addition to articulated connections, examples of a rigid (continuous) beam joint are also shown, which can be activated with regard to the load-bearing reserves in the event of fire. The system solutions presented show that the consistently efficient system solution can be continued from the beam to the connection. The aim of a further work package was to analyse the fire resistance of typical slim floor systems and, if necessary, to improve it by means of design measures. The analytical solutions show that all beams have a fire resistance time of F30 without any additional effort. A significant increase in fire resistance can be achieved by designing continuous systems. Here, load-bearing reserves can be activated, which offer a decisive advantage for the design in the event of fire. Thanks to the results, composite floor solutions are now possible that offer additional benefits in addition to cost-effectiveness: These include reductions in construction time thanks to suitable prefabrication, node connections suitable for assembly, comfort in use due to deflection limitation and safety with regard to fire protection. FOSTA Research Association for Steel Application e.V. Publication: 2014 Authors: Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Kuhlmann, Dr.-Ing. G. Hauf, Prof. Dr.-Ing. P. Schaumann, ]}, Dr.-Ing. N. Sauerborn

P 770 - Development of a process chain for the production of partially reinforced sheet metal structures using novel base adhesives and adapted processing techniques In the "Process Chain" project, base adhesives (= preliminary stage to commercially usable adhesives) were developed for the first time, which in principle enable the process steps of adhesive application and joining, which were previously in a strict sequence, to be separated. This is achieved by the fact that the base adhesives have two different curing mechanisms, whereby after the first curing step a dry, non-tacky adhesive layer is present, which is still reactive. After joining with a second component, the pre-applied adhesive layer is melted by heating, which activates the adhesive. As a result, the adhesive finally reacts to form a duromer. This new principle can be used in a variety of ways. For example, reinforcements for sheet metal constructions (doublings) can be produced without having to handle adhesive during production: because the adhesive is already on the coil from which the reinforcements are to be punched as a dry layer. It is also conceivable that these adhesives - after the necessary development into a commercial product - could be partially applied to sheet metal in order to produce flaps and doors in the automotive sector (seam bonding). The current problems of over- and underdosing, mould contamination and corrosion due to incompletely filled adhesive seams can be solved with this new technology. The suitability of the pre-treated sheets for integration into the processing chain, which is a fundamental prerequisite for this type of application, was proven in the course of the extensive cutting and forming tests carried out during the project. Furthermore, the simulative modelling of the described production techniques was investigated during the course of the project in order to provide a basis for implementation in current process planning strategies. Publication date: October 2020 Authors: Prof. Dr rer. nat. B. Mayer, Dipl.-Ing. M. Peschka, Dipl.-Ing.(FH) A. Lühring, Prof. Dr.-Ing. B.-A. Behrens, Dipl.-Ing. J. Rosenberger, Dipl.-Ing. T. Pielka